Particle image velocimetry investigation of void seepage through a simulated ice jam

Particle Image Velocimetry was used to gather detailed measurements of flow characteristics beneath a simulated ice jam formed from floating polyethylene pellets. Contours and profiles for mean velocities turbulence statistics were presented three test conditions using constant Froude number 0.075 varied upstream water depths 60, 100, 150 mm. These demonstrated the acceleration under thickening jams locations peak velocity being pushed downward by rough underside, as well ability small portion diverge upward into thickness increases. Velocity integrated calculate discharge under-ice approximate void seepage along jam, with percentage then related relative jam. Seepage values found be often near 5% total flume discharge, reaching high 14% at thickest portions The not insignificant, is believed freely jams, although remained generally small. A cubic polynomial fitted dataset relating recorded ratios thickness. calculated estimate minimum parameter λ = 0.6 m/s modelled which reasonable slightly lower than past field expected based on materials used.